The method used to find a MAC address depends on the type of network device involved. All popular network operating systems contain utility programs that allow you to find (and sometimes change) MAC address settings.
A MAC (media access control) address consists of six pairs of hexadecimals and identifies hardware on a network. Manufacturers embed this unique number at the time of manufacture or store it in the firmware. It's generally not meant to be changed.
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Use the ipconfig utility (with the /all option) to display the computer's MAC address in modern versions of Windows. Very old versions of Windows (Windows 95 and Windows 98) used the winipcfg utility instead.
Both winipcfg and ipconfig may display multiple MAC addresses for one computer. One MAC address exists for each installed network card. Additionally, Windows maintains one or more MAC addresses that are not associated with hardware cards.
For example, Windows dial-up networking uses virtual MAC addresses to manage the phone connection as if it were a network card. Some Windows VPN clients likewise have their own MAC addresses. The MAC addresses of these virtual network adapters are the same length and format as true hardware addresses.
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The specific command used in Unix to find a MAC address varies depending on the version of the operating system. In Linux and in some forms of Unix, the commandifconfig -a returns MAC addresses.
You also can find MAC addresses in Unix and Linux in the boot message sequence. These operating systems display the computer's MAC address onscreen as the system reboots. Additionally, boot-up messages are retained in a log file (usually var/log/messages or /var/adm/messages).
Find a MAC Address on a Mac
You can find MAC addresses on Apple Mac computers in System Preferences > Network > Advanced > Hardware.
If your system is running Open Transport, the MAC address appears under the Info or User Mode/Advanced screens. If the system is running MacTCP, the MAC address appears under the Ethernet icon.
Summary: How to Find a MAC Address
In summary, here's how to find a computer's MAC address:
MAC addresses were designed to be fixed numbers that cannot be changed; however, there are several valid reasons to change your MAC address.
Change a MAC Address to Work With Your ISP
Most internet subscriptions allow the customer only a single IP address. The Internet Service Provider (ISP) might assign one static (fixed) IP address to each customer. This approach, however, is an inefficient use of IP addresses, which are currently in short supply. The ISP more commonly issues each customer a dynamic IP address that changes each time the customer connects to the internet.
ISPs ensure each customer receives only one dynamic address using several methods. Dial-up and many DSL services typically require the customer to log in with a username and password. Cable modem services, on the other hand, do this by registering and tracking the MAC address of the device that connects to the ISP.
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The device with MAC address that is monitored by an ISP can be the cable modem, a broadband router, or the PC that hosts the internet connection. The customer is free to build a network behind this equipment, but the ISP expects the MAC address to match the registered value at all times.
Whenever a customer replaces that device, however, or changes the network adapter inside it, the MAC address of this new equipment will no longer match the one registered at the ISP. In this case, the ISP typically disables the customer's internet connection for security (and billing) reasons.
Although MAC addresses do not reveal geographic location information as IP addresses do, changing MAC addresses can increase internet privacy in some situations.
Change a MAC Address Through Cloning
Some people contact their ISPs to request they update the MAC addresses associated with their subscriptions. This process works but takes time, and internet service will be unavailable until the provider takes action.
A better way to quickly work around this problem is to change the MAC address on the new device so that it matches the address of the original device. Although you cannot change an actual physical MAC address in hardware, you can emulate it in software. This process is called cloning.
Many broadband routers support MAC address cloning as an advanced configuration option. The emulated MAC address appears to the service provider as identical to the original hardware address. The specific procedure of cloning varies depending on the type of router; consult your product documentation for details.
MAC Addresses and Cable Modems
In addition to MAC addresses tracked by ISPs, some broadband modems also track the MAC address of the host computer's network adapter within the home network. If you swap the computer connected to the broadband modem or change its network adapter, your internet connection might not function afterward.
In this case, MAC address cloning is not required. Resetting (including recycling power) on both the cable modem and the host computer will change the MAC address stored inside the modem automatically.
Changing MAC Addresses Through the Operating System
Windows offers an easy way to change MAC addresses.
In Linux and Unix
In Linux and some versions of Unix, ifconfig supports changing MAC addresses if the necessary network card and driver support exist.
Mastering a few crucial Mac keyboard shortcuts will make using your Apple computer easier and much more efficient. Cutting your reliance on your mouse will help you work more quickly, and you’ll undoubtedly impress your family, friends and co-workers to no end. You might even end up becoming the go-to Mac person in your office, and we all know how wonderful that will be.
Here are the top 10 Mac keyboard shortcut tricks you really need to memorize right now, whether you’re a Mac newbie or a veteran user who still uses the mouse for everything out of habit.
Top 10 Mac keyboard shortcuts
Ingredients:
Directions:
First up, take a look at the Mac keyboard in front of you to familiarize yourself with a few Mac-specific keys. The Command key has a special symbol (⌘) to help you recognize it, while the Option key can also say “alt” on it, a term borrowed from a Windows environment. Your keyboard may also have a Function key (fn) next to the Control key (which just bears its own name — “control”).
Many of these shortcuts have an equivalent menu item you’ll find at the top of your Mac’s screen. One way of finding new shortcuts is to look to the right of any menu item and see if a keyboard shortcut is listed.
Now that you’ve got a good idea of where to find these keys, let’s take a look at some great ways to use them. (In addition to writing out the instructions, we’ve also created a pair of videos to walk you through them in case you prefer to learn that way. You’ll find them at the bottom of this post.)
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Quit any Mac program
Command-Q: If you’re coming from a Windows computer, you might have gotten used to “X-ing out” of your applications by clicking on the X button at the top of any application window. In OS X, you close windows with the red X button (in the upper left of your window), but it will not quit the app. To fully exit out of any Mac program in OS X, you’ll need to use the Quit command with this shortcut, or click on the app menu, then choose Quit.
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Command-W, Option-Command-W: The first of these will close whatever active window you are using, while the second one will close all the windows in the currently active app (or Finder, which is also an app, really). These shortcuts will do the same thing as the Close Window option in the Finder and most other apps. Chrome, for example, delineates between Close Window (Command-W) and Close Tab (Command-Shift-W).
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Command-T: Whether you’re in a web browser like Safari or Chrome or in the Finder itself, this keyboard shortcut will open a new tab for you. In Chrome, Command-Shift-T will open the most recently closed tab for you. Keep hitting this shortcut to open multiple tabs (or continue opening tabs in reverse chronological order in Chrome).
Quickly switch between Mac applications
Command-Tab, Command-~ : The first of these shortcuts will activate Mac OS X’s built-in application switcher, which will let you switch between active apps running on your Mac. Keep holding down the Command key and press Tab repeatedly to go to the next app from left to right. Use Command-~ (tilde, usually above the Tab key) to switch to running apps from right to left. Holding down the Command key and hitting Q will quit whatever program you are currently highlighting.
Cut, copy and paste on Mac
Command-X, Command-C, Command-V: These are three of the things I do most often in my writing life, so mousing up to the Edit menu in an app to choose these functions from a menu makes me cringe. Learn these three essential shortcuts (Command-X for cut, Command-C for copy and Command-V for paste — go figure), and you’ll save a ton of time every day.
Find something fast on your Mac
Command-F: Search is a massive part of any computer user’s workflow, from finding the right document to looking for a key word or phrase in Safari. To find something in the Finder, Safari or Chrome, or in a Pages or Word document, simply hit the Command-F key combination and a little window will show up where you can type in your search terms. Boom — you’ll find what you need.
Take Mac screenshots
Command-Shift-3, Command-Shift-4: Screenshots are a way of life in my daily work, and I’m willing to bet you’ve needed to take a quick capture of your screen at some point. Command-Shift-3 will take a picture of your entire Mac’s screen, from the upper left to the bottom right. Command-Shift-4 will turn your mouse cursor into a set of crosshairs (not unlike a sniper rifle sight) that you can then click and drag around any portion of your screen to capture only the relevant area. Pro tip: Tap the spacebar once to take a screenshot of a specific window, or hold the spacebar to move the selected area around without changing its dimensions.
Open Mac Finder folders
Command-Shift-A, Command-Shift-U, Command-Shift-D, Command-Shift-H: In the Finder, you’ll need to navigate to any number of common folders: Applications, Utilities, Desktop, and Home. Simply hit the Command key and then the first letter of each of these to go directly to them: Do not pass Go, do not collect $200.
Force quit a Mac app
Command-Option-Esc: If an app stops responding, you might need to force it to quit. You can do that with a right-click on the app icon in the Dock, but it’s even easier if you hit this keyboard shortcut. This will bring up the Force Quit dialog, which you can then use to kill that unresponsive app. You might need to Command-Tab your way out of an active frozen app first, or use Command + Shift + Option + Esc to quit the currently active app.
Hide Mac apps
Command-H, Command-Option-H: Doing something at work you shouldn’t be when your boss walks by? Whoops! It’s an easy fix to hit Command-H on your keyboard to hide the current active app. If you just need to declutter your view, Command-Option-H will hide all the other apps in the background, letting you focus on the one in front.
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The Cult of Mac how-to videos below will walk you through these shortcuts if you prefer to watch rather than read. We’ve broken up the top 10 into two easy parts. Here are the first five Mac keyboard shortcuts …
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And here are five more:
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